Rawat, K and Sahoo, B and Sahoo, D P (2025) Entropy-Based Streamflow Estimation in Data-Scarce Rivers Using MODIS–Landsat Fusion Imagery. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 30 (4). ISSN 1084-0699
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Few river systems around the world are adequately gauged. Remote sensing (RS) technology shows great potential for improving the estimation of stream characteristics in regions where field data is limited. However, challenges such as ground validation and sensor limitations remain. In this study, we hypothesize that integrating entropy theory with remote sensing-based techniques can effectively address these limitations. Using a fused moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS)–Landsat pixel, we derive surface velocity at the deepest river sections. This RS-derived velocity, applied to an entropy-based velocity model, enables the estimation of river discharge using the established stage-area relationship at the gauging sites where stage data is recorded. This fused-pixel of 30m×1-day resolution represents the land/water pixel ratio, derived after the spectral fusion of coarse resolution MODIS and fine resolution Landsat pixels using enhanced spatiotemporal adaptive reflectance fusion model. This novel framework is field-tested in the Brahmani River at three gauging stations and found promising with a Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency of 0.79, 0.76, and 0.79 for Jenapur, Gomlai, and Panposh gauging stations under scanty data availability conditions, respectively. We believe, the developed entropy theory-RS-based integrated framework has the potential to be used in many world-rivers with many defunct streamflow gauging stations.
| Item Type: | Article |
|---|---|
| Divisions: | Global Research Program - Resilient Farm and Food Systems |
| CRP: | UNSPECIFIED |
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | MODIS–Landsat fusion imagery, streamflow estimation, data-scarce rivers |
| Subjects: | Others > GIS Techniques/Remote Sensing Others > Water Conservation |
| Depositing User: | Mr Nagaraju T |
| Date Deposited: | 24 Sep 2025 03:54 |
| Last Modified: | 24 Sep 2025 03:54 |
| URI: | http://oar.icrisat.org/id/eprint/13337 |
| Official URL: | https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/JHYEFF.HEE... |
| Projects: | UNSPECIFIED |
| Funders: | UNSPECIFIED |
| Acknowledgement: | The hydrological and river cross-section data sets provided by the Central Water Commission (Bhubaneswar) and Department of Water Resources, Government of Odisha, are thankfully acknowledged. Thanks are extended to the Ministry of Education, Government of India, for the doctoral fellowship provided to the first author. The authors duly acknowledge the constructive criticism by the associate editor and two anonymous reviewers, which enhanced the technical content of the paper. |
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