?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.relation=http%3A%2F%2Foar.icrisat.org%2F821%2F&rft.title=Early+and+Late+Leaf+Spots+of+Groundnut.+Information+Bulletin+No.21&rft.creator=McDonald%2C+D&rft.creator=Subrahmanyam%2C+P&rft.creator=Gibbons%2C+R+W&rft.creator=Smith%2C+D+H&rft.subject=Groundnut&rft.description=Early+and+late+leaf+spots%2C+caused+respectively+by+Cercospora+arachidicola+and+Phaeoisariopsis+personata+(until+recently+known+as+Cercosporidium+personatum)%2C+are+the+most+common+and+serious+diseases+of+groundnut+%2C+worldwide.+Singly+or+together+they+can+cause+losses+in+pod+yield+of+over+50%25%3B+in+areas+where+rust+disease+is+also+present+a+combined+attack+of+foliar+diseases+can+cause+yield+losses+in+excess+of+70%25.+The+text%2C+supported+by+color+illustrations%2C+describes+disease+symptoms+and+explains+how+the+two+leaf+spots+can+be+differentiated.+The+morphology+and+taxonomy+of+each+pathogen+are+also+described%2C+and+disease+cycles+are+outlined.+An+integrated+approach+to+disease+management+is+advocated.+Cultural+control+measures+are+suggested%2C+fungicides+commonly+used+for+control+are+briefly+discussed%2C+and+different+application+methods+are+assessed.+Biological+control+is+considered+as+a+future+possibility%2C+and+several+hyperparasites+are+described.+The+prospects+for+breeding+resistant+cultivars+are+discussed.+As+agronomic%2C+socioeconomic%2C+and+environmental+factors+determine+how+cul+tural+%2C+chemical%2C+and+biological+measures+can+best+be+integrated+into+effective+disease+management+systems%2C+it+is+hoped+that+the+bulletin+will+assist+extension+workers+in+evolving+control+methods+well+suited+to+local+disease+situations.&rft.publisher=International+Crops+Research+Institute+for+the+Semi-Arid+Tropics&rft.date=1985&rft.type=Monograph&rft.type=NonPeerReviewed&rft.format=application%2Fpdf&rft.language=en&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Foar.icrisat.org%2F821%2F1%2FRA_00080.pdf&rft.identifier=++McDonald%2C+D+and+Subrahmanyam%2C+P+and+Gibbons%2C+R+W+and+Smith%2C+D+H++(1985)+Early+and+Late+Leaf+Spots+of+Groundnut.+Information+Bulletin+No.21.++Technical+Report.+International+Crops+Research+Institute+for+the+Semi-Arid+Tropics.+++++