?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.relation=http%3A%2F%2Foar.icrisat.org%2F375%2F&rft.title=Comparison+of+Farmer-Participatory+Research+Methodologies%3A+Case+Studies+in+Malawi+and+Zimbabwe&rft.creator=Freeman%2C+H+A&rft.subject=Agriculture-Farming%2C+Production%2C+Technology%2C+Economics&rft.description=Farmer-participatory+research+(FPR)+can+help+improve+the+effectiveness+of+technology+development%2C+raise+adoption+rates%2C+and+increase+the+payoff+to+agricultural+research.+However%2C+there+is+wide+diversity+of+opinion+about+the+scope+and+nature+of+farmer+participation+in+the+implementation+of+FPR.+This+study+compared+different+FPR+approaches+being+used+by+various+organizations+at+six+on-farm+sites+in+Malawi+and+Zimbabwe%2C+with+a+view+to+developing+guidelines+for+future+work%2C+particularly+in+developing+technologies+targeted+at+women+farmers.+The+study+found+differences+between+the+various+approaches+in+diagnostic+activities%2C+planning+of+experiments%2C+assessment+of+results%2C+and+strengthening+of+farmers'+capacity+to+conduct+their+own+experiments.+Overall%2C+however%2C+the+various+methods+were+not+completely+distinct%2C+but+represented+a+continuum+from+traditional+research-led%2C+to+researcher-led+with+farmer+input%2C+to+farmer-led+with+research+input.+The+results+indicated+that+when+there+are+no+clear+procedures+to+directly+target+women+farmers+they+tend+to+be+under-represented%2C+and+gender+issues+are+not+sufficiently+integrated+into+the+research+process.+PRA++techniques+were+also+found+to+be+useful+in+planning+experiments%2C+but+require+considerable+investment+of+time+by+researchers+and+extension+staff.%0D%0AResearchers+therefore+need+to+formulate+clear+objectives+for+conducting+different+types+of+on-farm+experiments%2C+ensure+that+farmers+understand+their+roles+in+each+case%2C+and++finally+integrate+different+types+of+research+to+develop+technologies+that+are+practical+and+profitable.&rft.publisher=International+Crops+Research+Institute+for+the+Semi-Arid+Tropics&rft.date=2001&rft.type=Monograph&rft.type=NonPeerReviewed&rft.format=application%2Fpdf&rft.language=en&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Foar.icrisat.org%2F375%2F1%2FCO_0030.pdf&rft.identifier=++Freeman%2C+H+A++(2001)+Comparison+of+Farmer-Participatory+Research+Methodologies%3A+Case+Studies+in+Malawi+and+Zimbabwe.++Working+Paper.+International+Crops+Research+Institute+for+the+Semi-Arid+Tropics.+++++