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        <dc:title>An update and perspectives on the use of promoters in plant genetic engineering</dc:title>
        <dc:creator>Kummari, D</dc:creator>
        <dc:creator>Palakolanu, S R</dc:creator>
        <dc:creator>Kishor, P B K</dc:creator>
        <dc:creator>Bhatnagar-Mathur, P</dc:creator>
        <dc:creator>Singam, P</dc:creator>
        <dc:creator>Vadez, V</dc:creator>
        <dc:creator>Sharma, K K</dc:creator>
        <dc:subject>Genetic Engineering</dc:subject>
        <dc:description>Genetically engineered plants have varied applications in agriculture for enhancing the values of food and feed.&#13;
Genetic engineering aims to introduce selected genetic regions with desirable traits into target plants for both&#13;
spatial and temporal expressions. Promoters are the key elements responsible for regulating gene expressions&#13;
by modulating the transcription factors (TFs) through recognition of RNA polymerases. Based on their&#13;
recognition and expression, RNA polymerases were categorized into RNA pol II and pol III promoters.&#13;
Promoter activity and specificity are the two prime parameters in regulating the transgene expression. Since the&#13;
use of constitutive promoters like Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S may lead to adverse effects on nontarget&#13;
organisms or ecosystem, inducible/tissue specific promoters and/or the RNA pol III promoters provide&#13;
myriad opportunities for gene expressions with controlled regulation and with minimum adverse effects.&#13;
Besides their role in transgene expression, their influence in synthetic biology and genome editing are also&#13;
discussed. This review provides an update on the importance, current prospects, and insight into the advantages&#13;
and disadvantages of promoters reported thus far would help to utilize them in the endeavour to develop&#13;
nutritionally and agronomically improved transgenic crops for commercialization.</dc:description>
        <dc:publisher>Springer Verlag</dc:publisher>
        <dc:date>2020-09</dc:date>
        <dc:type>Article</dc:type>
        <dc:type>PeerReviewed</dc:type>
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        <dc:language>en</dc:language>
        <dc:identifier>http://oar.icrisat.org/11766/1/s12038-020-00087-6.pdf</dc:identifier>
        <dc:identifier>  Kummari, D and Palakolanu, S R and Kishor, P B K and Bhatnagar-Mathur, P and Singam, P and Vadez, V and Sharma, K K  (2020) An update and perspectives on the use of promoters in plant genetic engineering.  Journal of Biosciences (TSI), 45 (1).  pp. 1-24.  ISSN 0250-5991     </dc:identifier>
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