<> "The repository administrator has not yet configured an RDF license."^^ . <> . . . "What Does Gender Yield Gap Tell Us about Smallholder Farming in Developing Countries?"^^ . "This study examines the extent of the productivity gap between male and female bean\r\nproducers, its discriminatory nature and implications for the policymakers in agriculture in Tanzania.\r\nGenerally, women are distinctively “invisible” in agriculture, due to social norms and even from the\r\nnational agricultural policy perspective. Their discrimination arises from uncounted and unaccounted\r\nfor farm work, and their productivity is reduced by triple roles, limited access to education, having\r\ntriple effects on access to technology, training and land rights. In research, issues of concern to them\r\nsuch as nutritious food crops, varietal selection on important attributes, household food security,\r\nconvenient home storage and small-scale processing are widely ignored through unfavourable\r\npolicy design. Given the above discriminatory issues surrounding women in agriculture, they are\r\nhypothesised to be less productive and often lag behind male counterparts in crop production.\r\nTo test the above hypothesis, a three-stage stratified sampling method was used to collect crosssectional\r\ndata in 2016 across four regions of Tanzania. Then, an Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition\r\nmethod (at means) was used to apportion the sources of the difference between men and women\r\ninto explained and unexplained variations. Further improvements through the newly developed\r\nRe-Centered Influence Functions (RIFs) remarkably improved outcomes as the differences were\r\nanalysed through unconditional partial effects on quantiles. Using a counterfactual approach and\r\ncorrecting for selection bias, the model provided consistent estimates for easy comparison of the two\r\ngroups. Besides this, it emerged that interventions such as providing improved bean seed varieties\r\nand training farmers on good agricultural practices reduced the gender yield gap and provided\r\na potential avenue for addressing the discrimination observed in productivity among males and\r\nfemales. Controlling for selection bias also improved the model, but the real discrimination was\r\nobserved at the 50th percentile, where the majority of the respondents lay within. However, if a\r\nfemale’s age, family size, additional years of schooling and discretion to spend income from beans\r\nwere taken away, they would be worse off. Our study finds that females comprised 25 percent\r\nof the sample, had 6 percent lower productivity, provided 64.70 percent on-farm labour and had\r\n0.32 hectares less land compared to males, ceteris paribus. Access to improved varieties contributed to a\r\n35.4 percent improved productivity compared to growing indigenous/local varieties. The implication\r\nis that the gender yield gap can be reduced significantly if efforts are focused on preventing or\r\ncorrecting factors causing discrimination against women."^^ . "2020-12" . . . "13" . "1" . . "MDPI"^^ . . . "Sustainability"^^ . . . "20711050" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "E M"^^ . "Njuguna"^^ . "E M Njuguna"^^ . . "C"^^ . "Kabungo"^^ . "C Kabungo"^^ . . "E B"^^ . "Nchanji"^^ . "E B Nchanji"^^ . . "A"^^ . "Nduguru"^^ . "A Nduguru"^^ . . "O A"^^ . "Collins"^^ . "O A Collins"^^ . . "C O"^^ . "Ojiewo"^^ . "C O Ojiewo"^^ . . "E"^^ . "Katungi"^^ . "E Katungi"^^ . . . . . . "What Does Gender Yield Gap Tell Us about Smallholder Farming in Developing Countries? (PDF)"^^ . . . . . "sustainability-13-00077-v2.pdf"^^ . . . "What Does Gender Yield Gap Tell Us about Smallholder Farming in Developing Countries? (Other)"^^ . . . . . . "indexcodes.txt"^^ . . "HTML Summary of #11695 \n\nWhat Does Gender Yield Gap Tell Us about Smallholder Farming in Developing Countries?\n\n" . "text/html" . . . "Smallholder Farmers"@en . . . "Agriculture-Farming, Production, Technology, Economics"@en . . . "Gender Research"@en . .