OAR@ICRISATCrop-livestock integration to enhance ecosystem services in sustainable food systemsSHomann-Kee TuiauthorR OValdiviaauthorKDescheemaekerauthorTSendaauthorPMasikatiauthorM TMakumbeauthorA FVan RooyenauthorAgricultural systems in developing countries are challenged to produce more food from the same area of land and from scarce water resources. Integrated croplivestock systems hold intensification options that can improve the production of nutritious food and environmental sustainability, while reducing people’vulnerability to climate-related hazards (Tarawali et al. 2011; Lemaire et al., 2013; Garrett et al., 2017). Through an integrated relationship between crop and livestock components, farmers can increase agricultural productivity per unit of land and water, beyond the productivity of the individual components (Bonaudo et al., 2014; Peyraud et al., 2014). More diversified crop-livestock systems provide more opportunities for integration compared with systems that are composed of single farm components (Kremen et al., 2012; Valbuena et al., 2015). The multiple benefits deliver important ecosystem functions and services which help to use increasingly scarce resources more efficiently and conserve the natural environment (Hendrickson et al., 2008; ThorntonandHerrero,2015).Inamarket-orientedproductioncontext,returnsonintegration and diversification increase as farmers produce more biomass of better nutritional quality. They can do this using available technologies, while becoming less dependent on external inputs; this, in turn, makes them less sensitive to price fluctuations (Ryschawy et al., 2012; Homann-Kee Tui et al., 2015).Sustainable AgricultureLivestockCropping and Farming SystemsAgriculture-Farming, Production, Technology, Economics2020Charlotte CockleBook Section

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