?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.relation=http%3A%2F%2Foar.icrisat.org%2F11322%2F&rft.title=A+Guide+to+Biological+Control+of+Fall+Armyworm+in+Africa+Using+Egg+Parasitoids&rft.creator=Tefera%2C+T&rft.creator=Goftishu%2C+M&rft.creator=Ba%2C+M+N&rft.creator=Muniappan%2C+R&rft.subject=Integrated+Pest+Management+(IPM)&rft.subject=Pest+Management&rft.subject=Maize&rft.description=Fall+armyworm%2C+Spodoptera+frugiperda+(JE+Smith)+(Lepidoptera%3A+Noctuidae)%2C+a+voracious+agricultural+pest+native+to+North+and+South+America%2C+was+first+detected+on+the+African+continent+in+2016+and+has+subsequently+spread+throughout+the+continent+and+across+Asia.+Fall+armyworm+(FAW)+is+known+to+feed+on+over+350+plant+species+and+it+has+been+predicted+to+cause+up+to+%24US+13+billion+per+annum+in+crop+losses+throughout+sub-Saharan+Africa%2C+thereby+threatening+the+livelihoods+of+millions+of+poor+farmers.+Since+the+occurrence+of+FAW+in+Africa%2C+synthetic+chemical+insecticides+have+been+widely+used+as+emergency+responses+to+halt+distribution+of+the+pest+and+minimize+damage+in+maize+fields.+Most+smallholder+farmers+in+Africa+and+Asia%2C+however%2C+cannot+afford+frequent+insecticide+applications.+Furthermore%2C+dependence+on+chemical+insecticides+results+in+the+development+of+resistance+to+major+classes+of+insecticides%2C+effects+on+nontarget+organisms%2C+as+well+as+other+adverse+effects+to+humans+and+the+environment.+This+highlights+the+need+for+the+development+of+integrated+pest+management+(IPM)+strategies+that+are+suitable+to+African+smallholder+farmers.+Biological+control+using+egg+parasitoids+particularly+from+the+genus+Trichogramma+and+Telenomus+remus+is+part+of+the+IPM+approach+presently+underway+to+control+FAW+in+North+and+South+America.+The+approach+involves+mass+rearing+and+release+of+these+egg+parasitoids+to+control+FAW.+These+egg+parasitoids+are+reared+on+factitious+and+natural+hosts.+Various+species+of+both+parasitoids+are+already+present+in+Africa.+After+identifying+the+species%2Fstrain+that+best+suit+the+local+condition%2C+the+parasitoid+wasps+can+be+mass+reared+and+used+against+FAW+and+other+lepidopteran+pests.+Therefore%2C+the+purpose+of+this+book+is+to+provide+guidelines+on+mass+rearing+systems+for+both+the+egg+parasitoids+and+their+hosts.+The+book+describes+the+methods+used+to+mass+produce+FAW+(S.+frugiperda)%2C+rice+meal+moth+(Corcyra+cephalonica+(Stainton)%2C+Lepidoptera%3A+Pyralidae)%2C+egg+parasitoids+-+(Trichogramma+chilonis+Ishii%2C+Hymenoptera%3A+Trichogrammatidae)+and+(Telenomus+remus+Nixon%2C+Hymenoptera%3A+Platygastridae)+in+the+facilities+at+icipe-+Kenya+and+ICRISAT-Niger.+This+guide+is+primarily+intended+for+biological+control+practitioners+at+universities%2C+research+institutes+and+commercial+laboratories+particularly+involved+in+managing+FAW+and+other+lepidopteran+pests.+The+information+in+this+document+is+also+intended+to+assist+those+who+are+relatively+new+at+rearing+FAW%2C+rice+meal+moth%2C+and+the+parasitoid+wasps+and+to+those+who+wish+to+improve+existing+rearing+systems.+The+document+covers+virtually+all+aspects+of+information+on+the+rearing+techniques+of+each+species+such+as+colony+establishment%2C+stock+culture+maintenance%2C+diet+preparation%2C+mass+rearing%2C+storage%2C+quality+control+and+field+release.+Each+section+is+interrelated%2C+contains+step-by-step+procedures%2C+and+is+supported+by+colour+pictures.+The+guide+produced+jointly+by+the+International+Centre+of+Insect+Physiology+and+Ecology+(icipe)%2C+International+Crops+Research+Institute+for+the+Semi-Arid+Tropics+(ICRISAT)%2C+Haramaya+University%2C+and+Virginia+Tech+through+support+provided+by+the+Feed+the+Future+Innovation+Lab+for+Integrated+Pest+Management%2C+funded+by+the+of+the+US+Agency+for+International+Development+(USAID)+under+the+Cooperative+Agreement+No.+AID-OAA-L-15-00001.+International+Centre+of+Insect+Physiology+and+Ecology+(icipe)+is+an+international+scientific+research+institute%2C+headquartered+in+Nairobi%2C+Kenya+that+works+towards+improving+lives+and+livelihoods+of+people+in+Africa.+The+center%E2%80%99s+main+objective+is+to+research+and+develop+alternative+and+environmentally+friendly+pest+and+vector+management+strategies+that+are+effective%2C+selective%2C+non-polluting%2C+non-resistance+inducing%2C+and+which+are+affordable+to+resource-limited+rural+and+urban+communities.+icipe's+mandate+extends+to+the+conservation+and+use+of+the+rich+insect+biodiversity+found+in+Africa.+Today%2C+icipe+is+the+only+international+center+in+sub-Saharan+Africa+working+primarily+on+arthropods.+icipe+focuses+on+sustainable+development+using+human+health+as+the+basis+and+the+environment+as+the+foundation+for+sustainability+(http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icipe.org%2F).+International+Crops+Research+Institute+for+the+Semi-Arid+Tropics+(ICRISAT)%3A+is+a+non-profit%2C+non-political+organization+that+conducts+agricultural+research+for+development+in+the+drylands+of+Asia+and+sub-Saharan+Africa.+Covering+6.5+million+square+kilometers+of+land+in+55+countries%2C+the+semi-arid+or+dryland+tropics+has+over+2+billion+people%2C+and+644+million+of+these+are+the+poorest+of+the+poor.+ICRISAT+and+its+partners+help+empower+these+poor+people+to+overcome+poverty%2C+hunger+and+a+degraded+environment+through+better+agriculture.+ICRISAT+is+headquartered+in+Hyderabad%2C+Telangana+State%2C+in+India%2C+with+two+regional+hubs+(Nairobi%2C+Kenya+and+Bamako%2C+Mali)+and+country+offices+in+Niger%2C+Nigeria%2C+Zimbabwe%2C+Malawi%2C+Ethiopia+and+Mozambique.+ICRISAT+is+a+member+of+the+CGIAR+system+Organization+(https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icrisat.org%2F).+Virginia+Polytechnic+Institute+and+State+University%2C+commonly+known+as+Virginia+Tech%2C+is+a+public%2C+land-grant+research+university+with+its+main+campus+in+Blacksburg%2C+Virginia+(https%3A%2F%2Fvt.edu%2F).+The+university+houses+the+Feed+the+Future+Innovation+Lab+for+Integrated+Pest+Management%2C+which+aims+to+improve+the+livelihoods+of+smallholder+farmers+by+implementing+sustainable+crop+solutions+in+the+developing+world.+Haramaya+University+is+a+public+academic+and+research+university+with+its+main+campus+in+Haramaya%2C+located+at+about+510+km+East+of+Addis+Ababa%2C+Ethiopia.+The+university+offers+264+academic+programs+of+which+113+are+undergraduate+programs%2C+131+are+second+degree+(M.Sc.%2FM.Ed.%2FMPH)+and+20+are+PhD+level+training+programs.+In+addition%2C+the+university+has+been+actively+involved+in+research+activities%2C+primarily+in+the+fields+of+agriculture.&rft.publisher=icipe+publications&rft.date=2019-09&rft.type=Monograph&rft.type=NonPeerReviewed&rft.format=application%2Fpdf&rft.language=en&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Foar.icrisat.org%2F11322%2F1%2FA%2520Guide%2520to%2520Biological%2520Control%2520of%2520FAW_Final.pdf&rft.identifier=++Tefera%2C+T+and+Goftishu%2C+M+and+Ba%2C+M+N+and+Muniappan%2C+R++(2019)+A+Guide+to+Biological+Control+of+Fall+Armyworm+in+Africa+Using+Egg+Parasitoids.++Manual.+icipe+publications%2C+Nairobi%2C+Kenya.+++++&rft.relation=http%3A%2F%2F34.250.91.188%3A8080%2Fxmlui%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F1001