?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_id=ISE+008&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.relation=http%3A%2F%2Foar.icrisat.org%2F1084%2F&rft.title=Analysis+of+the+Economic+Impact+of+Sorghum+and+Millet+Research+in+Mali&rft.creator=Yapi%2C+A+M&rft.creator=Kergna%2C+A+O&rft.creator=Debrah%2C+S+K&rft.creator=Sidibe%2C+A&rft.creator=Sanogo%2C+O&rft.subject=Millets&rft.subject=Sorghum&rft.subject=Agriculture-Farming%2C+Production%2C+Technology%2C+Economics&rft.description=Sorghum+(Sorghum+bicolor+(L.)+Moench)+and+pearl+millet+%5BPennisetum+glaucum%5D+are+very+impor+tant+to+the%0D%0Aeconomy+and+people+of+Mali.+But%2C+their+productivity+is+low+given+the+reliance+on+traditional%2C+low-input%0D%0Aproduction+practices.+The+Institut+d'Economie+Rurale+(IER)+was+started+soon+after+the+country's+independence%0D%0Ato+find+ways+of+improving+the+productivity+of+food+crops+in+collaboration+with+regional+and+international%0D%0Aagricultural+research+institutes+(e.g.%2C+IRAT%2C+ICRISAT%2C+CIRAD-CA)+.+A+numbe+r+of+improved+seed-based%0D%0Asorghum+and+millet+technologies+have+since+been+developed+and+diffused.+They+were+developed+from+two%0D%0Aapproaches%3A+(1)+selection+within+local+germplasm%2C+which+consisted+of+collecting%2C+testing%2C+purifying%2C+and+supplying%0D%0Afarmers+with+readily+available+materials.+These+are+identified+as+Generation+1+materials%3B+and+(2)+plant+breeding%2C%0D%0Awhich+consisted+of+crossing+with+exotic+germplasm%2C+and+pedigree+selection.+Outputs+of+this+second+approach+are%0D%0Aidentified+as+Generation+2+materials.+This+study+evaluates+the+returns+to+sorghum+and+pearl+millet+research%0D%0Ainvestments+in+Mali+by+combining+farm-level+survey+information+from+1990+to+1995+with+that+from+research+and%0D%0Aextension+in+an+economic+surplus+framework.+The+results+indicate+that+by+1995%2C+30%25+of+the+sorghum+and+3+7%25%0D%0Aof+the+millet+areas+were+sown+to+improved+varieties.+Th+e+estimated+benefits+from+research+and+extension+efforts%0D%0Arange+from+US%24+16+million+(for+sorghum)+to+US%24+25+million+(for+pearl+millet).+These+represent+internal+rates+of%0D%0Areturns+of+69%25+and+50%25%2C+respectively.+A+disaggregated+analysis+indicates+higher+yield+gains+and+higher+returns%0D%0Ato+Generation+2+materials+than+to+Generation+1+materials+for+bot+h+sorghum+and+pearl+millet.+Unit+costs+were+also%0D%0Amuch+lower+for+Generation+2+materials.+The+major+constraints+cited+by+farmers+as+limiting+their+ability+to+adopt%0D%0Aimproved+materials+include+lack+of+information%2C+lack+of+improved+seeds%2C+and+low+soil+fertility.+The+study+concludes%0D%0Athat+the+breeding+philosophy+should+be+diversified+to+respond+to+the+need+of+the+changing+socioeconomic%0D%0Aenvironment+with+the+recent+devaluation+of+the+CFA.+It+also+recommends+that+efforts+be+made+to+improve+the%0D%0Aeconomic+farming+environment+to+enable+farmers+to+adopt+mor+e+productive+agricultural+technologies+which+are%0D%0Anecessary+for+rural+poverty+alleviation+and+improvement+in+national+food+security.&rft.publisher=International+Crops+Research+Institute+for+the+Semi-Arid+Tropics&rft.date=2000&rft.type=Monograph&rft.type=NonPeerReviewed&rft.format=application%2Fpdf&rft.language=en&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Foar.icrisat.org%2F1084%2F1%2FRA_000353.pdf&rft.identifier=++Yapi%2C+A+M+and+Kergna%2C+A+O+and+Debrah%2C+S+K+and+Sidibe%2C+A+and+Sanogo%2C+O++(2000)+Analysis+of+the+Economic+Impact+of+Sorghum+and+Millet+Research+in+Mali.++Documentation.+International+Crops+Research+Institute+for+the+Semi-Arid+Tropics%2C+Patancheru%2C+Hyderabad%2C+Andhra+Pradesh.+++++&rft.relation=ISE+008