?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_id=ISE+003&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.relation=http%3A%2F%2Foar.icrisat.org%2F1067%2F&rft.title=Impact+of+Germplasm+Research+Spillovers%3A+The+Case+of+Sorghum+Variety+S+35+in+Cameroon+and+Chad&rft.creator=Yapi%2C+A+M&rft.creator=Debrah%2C+S+K&rft.creator=Dehala%2C+G&rft.creator=Njomaha%2C+C&rft.subject=Sorghum&rft.subject=Agriculture-Farming%2C+Production%2C+Technology%2C+Economics&rft.description=An+important+objective+of+international+agricultural+research+inst+i+tut+ions+is+to+determine+the%0D%0Aextent+to+which+research+under+taken+in+one+location+may+impact+on+other+regions+of+interest.%0D%0AThi+s+is+because+research+activities+are+most+often+planned+to+target+mandate+crops+and%0D%0Aagroecological+areas+found+in+many+parts+of+the+world.+ICRI+S+A+T+has%2C+as+a+pol+icy%2C+disributed%0D%0Aa+wide+range+of+parental+materials+to+breeding+programs+in+the+NARS+and+private+seed%0D%0Aindustries+throughout+the+semi-arid+tropics.+This+has+cont+r+ibuted+to+faster+and+cost-effective%0D%0Adevelopment+of+useful+final+products+by+the+receiving+parties.%0D%0AThi+s+study+evaluates+the+impacts+and+research+spillover+effects+of+adopt+ion+of+sorghum+variety%0D%0AS+35%2C+a+pure+line+developed+f+rom+the+ICRI+S+A+T+breeding+program+in+India.+It+was+later%0D%0Aadvanced+in+Niger+ia+and+promoted+and+released+in+Cameroon+in+1986+and+Chad+in+1989.%0D%0AToday%2C+S+35+occupies+about+33%25+of+the+total+rainfed+sorghum+area+in+Cameroon+and+2+7+%25+in%0D%0AChad.+Compared+to+farmers'+best+t+radi+t+ional+varieties+across+all+study+sites+in+Cameroon+and%0D%0AChad%2C+S+35+yields+2+7+%25+more+output+(grain)+and+reduces+uni+t+product+ion+cost+by+20%25.These%0D%0Afarm-level+impacts+are+larger+in+Chad+where+yield+gain+is+5+1+%25+higher+and+cost+reduct+ion+is%0D%0A3+3%25+higher.+Th+e+net+present+value+of+benefits+f+rom+S+35+research+spillover+in+the+Af+r+ican%0D%0Aregion+was+estimated+to+be+US%24+15+mi+l+l+ion+in+Chad+and+US%24+4.6+mi+l+l+ion+in+Cameroon%2C%0D%0Arepresenting+internal+rates+of+return+of+9+5%25+in+Chad+and+7+5%25+in+Cameroon.+These+impacts%0D%0Awere+evaluated+f+rom+the+perspective+of+nat+ional+research+systems.+A+conscious+decision%2C%0D%0Atherefore%2C+was+made+to+include+only+those+costs+associated+wi+t+h+nat+ional+research+and%0D%0Aextension+inst+i+tut+ions.+Al+l+other+S+35-related+research+and+development+expenditures%0D%0Aincur+red+in+India+and+Niger+ia+were+treated+as+'sunk+costs'%2C+that+is%2C+costs+which+woul+d+have%0D%0Aoccur+red+anyway+wi+thout+spillover.+Ha+d+each+count+ry+had+to+develop+S+35+and+associated%0D%0Amanagement+practices+on+its+own%2C+the+t+ime+lag+between+research+and+release+of+the%0D%0Atechnology+woul+d+have+been+longer+and+consequently+impacts%2C+if+any%2C+woul+d+have+been%0D%0Asmaller.+For+greater+effectiveness+in+sorghum+technology+development+and+transfer+in+the%0D%0Aregion%2C+future+research+and+pol+icy+actions+should+take+greater+advantage+of+research+spillovers%0D%0Athrough+more+col+laborat+ion%2C+communicat+ion%2C+and+networking+between+nat+ional+%2C+regional+%2C%0D%0Aand+internat+ional+research+inst+i+tut+ions.&rft.publisher=International+Crops+Research+Institute+for+the+Semi-Arid+Tropics&rft.date=1999&rft.type=Monograph&rft.type=NonPeerReviewed&rft.format=application%2Fpdf&rft.language=en&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Foar.icrisat.org%2F1067%2F1%2FRA_00339.pdf&rft.identifier=++Yapi%2C+A+M+and+Debrah%2C+S+K+and+Dehala%2C+G+and+Njomaha%2C+C++(1999)+Impact+of+Germplasm+Research+Spillovers%3A+The+Case+of+Sorghum+Variety+S+35+in+Cameroon+and+Chad.++Documentation.+International+Crops+Research+Institute+for+the+Semi-Arid+Tropics%2C+Patancheru%2C+Hyderabad%2C+Andhra+Pradesh.+++++&rft.relation=ISE+003