@article{icrisat10220,
           month = {September},
           title = {Aflatoxin risk management in commercial groundnut products in Malawi (Sub-Saharan Africa): a call for a more socially responsible industry},
       publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
          author = {K Magamba and L Matumba and G Matita and A P Gama and L Singano and M Monjerezi and S M C Njoroge},
           pages = {1--8},
            year = {2017},
            note = {This study was supported by the
Government of Malawi and World Bank through the Agricultural
Productivity Program for Southern Africa (APPSA) project
number MC-P04-2014 entitled ?Reducing Mycotoxin Contamination
of Maize, Groundnuts and Beans to Improve Food Safety
and Enhance Health and Trade in Malawi, Zambia and
Mozambique?. The invaluable technical assistance provided by
T. Mhango, C. Dzimkambani, Kondwani Kammwamba, Mtendere
Manadala, Chimwemwe Mboma and Paul Phiri is highly
appreciated.},
         journal = {Journal of Consumer Protection and Food Safety},
        keywords = {Aflatoxin, Commercial groundnut products, Malawi, Risk management},
             url = {http://oar.icrisat.org/10220/},
        abstract = {This study was performed as a follow-up to a study from 2013, to assess the impact of management interventions on aflatoxin incidence and levels in commercial groundnut products in Malawi. Sixty-seven samples of commercial groundnut products were analyzed for aflatoxin using a fluorometric method. Total aflatoxin levels ranged from 1.5 to 1200 {\ensuremath{\mu}}g/kg in raw groundnuts and 83?820 {\ensuremath{\mu}}g/kg in groundnut flour from vendors. In branded groundnut flour and peanut butter from supermarkets, aflatoxin levels ranged from 13 to 670 {\ensuremath{\mu}}g/kg and 1.3 to 180 {\ensuremath{\mu}}g/kg, respectively. About 93, 88, 78 and 72\% of the samples analyzed contained aflatoxin levels above regulatory limit used in Malawi (3 {\ensuremath{\mu}}g/kg), EU (4 {\ensuremath{\mu}}g/kg), most developing countries (10 {\ensuremath{\mu}}g/kg), and the USA (20 {\ensuremath{\mu}}g/kg), respectively. Despite much effort, aflatoxin levels remain persistently high in commercial groundnut. Considering the difficulty of achieving an efficient government regulation system due to resource constraint, the authors recommend the promotion of a socially responsible groundnut processing industry that has consumer welfare as its central feature.}
}